Friday, December 27, 2019

Macbeth-Nature of Evil - 1221 Words

Macbeth explores the nature of evil by the gradual change in the environment and the people within the play. Various factors of individuals, society and politics and supernatural themes contribute to the nature of evil. Individuals and Supernatural influences cause Macbeth to become king of Scotland and his reign affects social and political factors. Macbeth was a Scottish general and Thane of Glamis, a loyal, brave man who turned into a murderer and traitor in order to become King of Scotland. In Macbeth , dramatic irony is used to create suspense and tension; it keeps the audience anticipating the reaction of the people and consequences. It is used in Act 1 Scene 4, â€Å"There’s no art to find the mind’s construction in the face. He was†¦show more content†¦Macduff, along with other nobles prepares a rebellion, it shows the extent of political and social disruption in Scotland due to Macbeth’s evil. The technique used is symbolism of having correct social order restore with the removal of Macbeth. The quote in act 3 scene 6, â€Å" we may again give to our tables meat, sleep to our nights, free from our feasts and banquets bloody knives do faithful homage and receive free honors all which we pine now.† shows a conversation between Lord and Lennox and it refers to Macduffs’ visit to the English king to make a military campaign against Macbeth so that life returns to normal. Killing the king has a dramatic impact on social order of society, since without a king there must be a new one, but since Macbeth is evil, society is in a state of imbalance because he got that position by evil means. The three witches are pure evil, and their prophecies are the cause of treachery and murder in Macbeth’s mind. The technique of foreshadowing is used to make a reference to an earlier event, so the audience knows that the prophecies were true. The quote ‘All hail, Macbeth, hail to thee, thane of Cawdor!’ is from the witches in act 1 scene 3, it is the first prophecy which initiates Macbeth’s dark ambition after it becomes true. The witches’ prophecies tempt Macbeth’s dark desires for power; however they do not force or interfere with his evil acts. The witches’ ugly, androgynous appearance, bizarre potions and rhymed speechShow MoreRelatedThe Nature Of Evil : Macbeth By William Shakespeare1664 Words   |  7 PagesOct, 5 2017 The Nature of Evil The story of Macbeth written by William Shakespeare is a dark and quite depressing dramatic play that revolves around the themes of our bare to the bone human nature and if naturally evil or is something decided and developed by the individual mind. In the beginning of the story, are introduced to the main character Macbeth Thane of Glamis, the play gives many heavy implications that he generally liked by the people and the king especially. Macbeth was a warrior ofRead MoreLady Macbeth By William Shakespeare1520 Words   |  7 PagesLady Macbeth was not evil she was misunderstood Claim thou art, and Cawdor and shalt be what thou art promised. (Quote) In many of his plays, William Shakespeare portrays women as more virtuous than men. Lady Macbeth, strong ambitious women who’s confidence, faithful and capable of almost anything. For example, in endless love, we notice the endless love they both share for each other, where fate still brought them back together even after all the influences affecting jade’s life, the overpoweringRead MoreAnalysis Of Grendel And Macbeth 915 Words   |  4 Pages What is Benevolence without Evil? Evil is a part of mankind; it is something that cannot be defeated. â€Å"One recurring theme in early British literature is the idea that evil characters are directly related to experiences of tragedy, pain, confusion, and sadness† (Herrera). In Grendel, tragedy and confusion is seen throughout the story. The theme in the story of Macbeth is tragedy and pain. This early literature exemplifies evil through these themes. The philosophers whose theories support theseRead MoreThe Struggle Between Good and Evil in William Shakespeares Macbeth1379 Words   |  6 PagesThe Struggle Between Good and Evil in William Shakespeares Macbeth The play Macbeth was written during a period in history where in society many people believed that evil spirits were at work amongst them. Public hangings and drowning of suspected witches were frequent and the play Macbeth reflects this time in history. It is immediately made clear from the first scene that the play will involve dark and evil spirits. The disturbing weather conditions that accompanyRead MoreEssay on Shakespeares Presentation of the Witches in Macbeth866 Words   |  4 PagesShakespeares Presentation of the Witches in Macbeth The witches are a physical embodiment of evil in the play Macbeth. Like the serpent in the Garden of Eden, they represent temptation. The world of the witches is terrifying and their language full of spitefulness, violent and grisly references to mutilation. Banquo senses that they are evil and he is very mistrustful of them. Macbeth is tempted by their predictions, because they perhaps echo his own thoughts. The witchesRead MoreThe Tragedy Of Macbeth By William Shakespeare1497 Words   |  6 Pagestragedy, Macbeth; a tale of systematic suffering, which foreshadows and imminently leads to the death of a great man. Essentially, it is Macbeth’s flaw – his growing ambition – which leads to these harsh repercussions. Shakespeare demonstrates his tragedy, through Aristotle’s elements and definition of tragedy, which ultimately concerns the reversal of good fortune to bad. In â€Å"Macbeth†, ambition conspires with supernatural forces to commit evil deeds and the themes of the supernatural, evil and ambitionRead MoreMacbeth Good Vs Evil Essay1522 Words   |  7 Pagesthe opportunity for darkness arises. . The struggle between good and evil is a conflict full of strife, where consideration of natural law is continually overshadowed by the seductive illusion of power. William Shakespeare’s 17th-century play Macbeth shows the conflict of an honourable man who is provoked by external factors to fall from goodness and execute deplorable crimes. Not only does Macbeth become evil due to his inner nature, but external factors such as pride and greed cause him to succumbRead MoreThe Struggle between Good and Evil; in Macbeth Essay1022 Words   |  5 PagesMacbeth is without a doubt a play about evil. The play revolves around the bad and wicked qualities in human nature, but Shakespeare also contrasts this evil with the power of good. In this essay I will explore the ways in which Shakespeare contrasted good and evil in Macbeth. These contradictions start in the very beginning of the play, with the witches. In line 12, the witches say, â€Å"Fair is foul and foul is fair.† This is interesting as they are suggesting good and evil as being one. The witches’Read MoreWilliam Shakespeares Macbeth Essay757 Words   |  4 PagesWilliam Shakespeares Macbeth Macbeth was a â€Å"butcher†, however he became that way as a result of Lady Macbeth. Lady Macbeth was a fiend-like queen whose evilness declined after the murders. In the end of the play, however, Macbeth’s transformation was complete and he was a butcher. Main Body Topic 1 ================= Macbeth’s transition from good to evil by Lady Macbeth:  · Ambition was his only reason for killing the king – â€Å"I have no spur To prickRead MoreLady Macbeth By William Shakespeare1299 Words   |  6 PagesLady Macbeth was not evil she was misunderstood Claim thou art, and Cawdor and shalt be what thou art promised. (Quote) In many of Shakespeare’s plays, he portrays women more honourable than men. Lady Macbeth is one of the main antagonist, she’s a strong ambitious women who’s strives with confidence and capable of almost anything. For example in the winter tale, the main antagonist Hermonie, we can interpret that Hermione patiently despairing the dilemma within the hands of the dominant Leontes

Wednesday, December 18, 2019

Essay on Critical Commentary on Urban Sustainability

Introduction Since the late 1980s, the notion of ‘sustainable development’ has transcended beyond the eminent United Nations report titled Our Common Future, to mainstream dialogue throughout the globe at all scales within government and public spheres. This form of development seeks to balance current environmental, social and economic needs of the population, â€Å"without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs† (World Commission on Environment and Development, 1987, 43). Used interchangeably with ‘sustainability’ (Seghezzo, 2009), the concept has been fastened to a plethora of themes, including that of cities where ‘urban sustainability’ speaks to negligent urban expansion and resource depletion. However, as†¦show more content†¦As the wordplay in Satterthwaite’s title suggests, the various interpretations of ‘sustainable’ and ‘development’ will dictate a city’s action s, due to the strategic selection of what is being sustained in a sustainable city. For instance, Satterthwaite (1997) suggests that a sustainable city may be construed in an entirely social manner, leading to the sustaining –or rather preservation – of existing social structures within the city. Consequentially, the achievement of the United Nation’s ‘sustainable development’ is compromised, since the economic and environmental aspects are left out of the scenario (Satterthwaite, 1997). This example also exposes the anthropocentrism embedded in ‘sustainability’, as human needs are often emphasized over environmental concerns. However, in this context, the oppression of nature is to be expected since ‘sustainable development’ is ultimately a Western construct designed for human benefit and because of this, will never remedy the ecological crisis society has created (Seghezzo, 2009). A city contributing to sustainable development invokes a different set of actions according to Satterthwaite (1997), as this compels populations to make tangible changes in consumer behaviour or government structure, which consequentially fosters harmonization between social, economic and environmental goals. This understanding supposedly leaves less room for interpretation, as the city’s actions are to follow a set ofShow MoreRelatedConceptual Gardening : An Architectural Style Of Gardening1663 Words   |  7 Pagesdefining the identity of a city, for they have the ability to break down conceptual boundaries and hold significant meaning when used to their fullest potential.1 With traditional garden design, there is a heavier emphasis on nature and environmental sustainability as seen through the usage of foliage and stones as primary building materials. Over time however, a new approach towards gardening has been developed; one that allows for this medium to break free of it s conventional restraints. This is attributedRead MoreAccessible Personal Movement Of Central Urban Environment2380 Words   |  10 PagesAccessible Personal Movement in Central Auckland Setting The Scene: Identifying the how accessible the central urban environment in Auckland is during daylight hours and how it affects people, and also what people are most disadvantaged. There are many ways people are affected by this either it is done by how auto-dominant the area is or how people are affected by this problem. The route that was taken for this assignment was Silo Park to Aotea Square. The way people use vehicles and areRead MoreCase Study4595 Words   |  19 Pagesbenefits. She should hint the competitive advantage of offering hourly service and promote her website so investors can find out more about Zipcar and potentially aid her business. She should state why Boston was an ideal location (parking, population, urban city, college-educated, and web connected). Lastly, she should state any additional progress, sales, customer retention, and angel investors before her plea for financial assistance from investors. 1. How would you characterize the service that ZipcarRead MoreChapter 9 Review: Biodiversity and the Ecosystem 2619 Words   |  11 Pages2010). It is sad to me that this vital earth resource is valued so little by the world population. This forest is so vital to the well being of the entire earth. It has always amazed me that maintaining it is not a higher priority than it is. Critical thinking question # 5 wants to know if developed countries should provide the most money to preserve rain forests in developing countries. I think this is a difficult call to make. I think every country should take care of their own resources andRead MoreCase: Chester Wayne Essay18738 Words   |  75 PagesGlobal Sustainability Eastman Kodak Company 2010 Annual Report TABLE OF CONTENTS 1 Report Scope 3 Leadership Message 6 Company Profile 10 Goals 12 Performance Data 14 Compliance 15 Sustainability Framework 21 Governance 26 Innovation 31 Stewardship 41 Engagement 50 External Recognition 51 About the Photographs SCOPE OF REPORT SCOPE OF REPORT Kodak is pleased to present our fifth annual Global Sustainability Report, as well as our 21st public report to include health, safety and environmentalRead MoreContributions of Management6175 Words   |  25 Pagesmajor contributions that management theory has made to the field of emergency management. It discusses some of the major management concepts including the role of the manager, strategic planning, systems theory and contingency theory, which are critical to the practice of emergency management. The overlap between management theory and disasters may be seen in concepts associated with crisis management and the importance of values, diversity, and legal issues to both management theory and emergencyRead MoreEducational drama in education8389 Words   |  34 Pagesskills to find out about and explore environmental issues; †¢ civic skills to influence decision†making in society; †¢ researching and communicating information about one s own environment; †¢ improving one s own environment: acting responsibly; and †¢ critical reflection on the quality of environmental developments. Educators are challenged to find interesting and meaningful ways of helping young people to develop the knowledge, skills and values they will need to become actively involved in building aRead MoreThe Impact of Agricultural Sector on Economic Growth in Nigeria18675 Words   |  75 Pagesthe agricultural economy and in relation to the overall economy. By â€Å"crossroads’, I mean the decision junctures in the agricultural development policy landscape that are underpinned by tough choices, most often involving critical trade-offs. Understanding these complexes is critical to promoting informed and educated dialogue about policy responses for inclusive and sustainable agricultural growth and economic prosperity. Mr. Vice Chancellor, Distinguished Colleagues, Lions and Lionesses, Ladies andRead MoreChina in Africa Essay20116 Words   |  81 Pagesagriculture and the World Bank: development or impoverishment? Atakilte Beyene 5 8 Property rights formalisation in Africa Tor A. Benjaminsen Espen Sjaastad the relationship between inequality and climate change Kjell Havnevik commentAries intervieW 11 14 decoding the evolving china–Africa relations Fantu Cheru martha Qorro on the language of instruction issue in tanzania Lennart Wohlgemuth 18 reseArch Jerome verdier on the liberian trc Proscovia Svà ¤rd 21 Read MoreThe Business Case for Corporate Social Responsibility: a Review of Concepts, Research and Practice15551 Words   |  63 Pagesresearch and practice that have come to characterize this developing idea. Over the decades, the concept of corporate social responsibility (CSR) has continued to grow in importance and signiï ¬ cance. It has been the subject of considerable debate, commentary, theory building and research. In spite of the ongoing deliberations as to what it means and what it embraces, it has developed and evolved in both academic as well as practitioner communities worldwide. The idea that business enterprises have some

Tuesday, December 10, 2019

Strategic Impact of Corporate Social Responsibility

Question: Discuss about the Strategic Impact of Corporate Social Responsibility. Answer: Introduction Strategic development is necessary to ensure the business sustainability in a competitive market. The enhancements of the competition among the different industries have become quite prominent in this current market. Each of the organisations tries to implement the innovative strategies in order to ensure profitability (Cummins and Santomero 2012). However, such implementation process even requires identifying several market segments. The financial industry even has been facing several direct competitions in this current scenario (Lember, Kattel and Kalvet 2014). National Australia Bank is holding the leading position among the other financial companies in Australia and New Zealand. Unlike others, the company has been paying attention towards the strategic development to ensure the customer base. The major focus of the company is to promote the better customer service experience that will be helpful in strengthening the business position (Klettner, Clarke and Boersma 2014). It is imp ortant to keep the concentration on the mission and vision statement of the company. Simultaneously, the identification of the competitive market is also essential. It has been seen that due to the increasing level of the competition, the company has been facing several criticisms as well. The environmental analysis will be justifying the internal strengths and weakness of the company. Depending on such analysis, the preferable recommendations will be presented accordingly. Vision and Mission of the Company The mission statement of a company provides the idea of the business functionalities that are needed to be undertaken. The vision of the company is to achieve the success and strengthen the organisational position in this current competitive scenario. The mission of the company is stated further: The company is focusing on providing the relevant solution for the future and current requirements of the target customers (Nab.com.tr 2016). The company is trying to improvise the corporate social responsibility to bring development in the environment. The establishment of the proper relationship by concentrating on the high-quality services is also a major concern for National Australia Bank Motivating the employees by increasing their self confidence can ensure better performance outcome. The company has been recognising the importance of profitability to determine the long term success. Criticism faced by National Australia Bank There are several criticizing reports presented against National Australian Bank. In maintaining the Australian Financial Standards, NAB has faced enormous criticism. It is noted that the Australian Prudential Regulation Authority (APRA) raised a concern regarding several financial statements (Voanews.com 2016). NAB was alleged due to the irregularities visible in the foreign currency training operations. The continuous irregularities are affecting the foreign investment procedures. It was notified that in the month of January, NAB informed about the loss of $US270 million revenues. The company even fired several senior managers, which caused mismanagement of the internal organisational scenario. In fact, APRA accused NAB for not taking proper decision regarding the standard risk management procedures. Whereas Chinas Central Bank started implementing the plan of tightening credit by raising the reserve requirements for the countrys financial structure, NABs performance degraded to th e lower level. Hence, it was clearly seen that the decreasing performance level was the major reason behind such criticisms that National Australia Bank had to face. Environmental Analysis While developing any strategies and making the business decisions, it is important to analyse the internal and the external market (Goodhart 2013). It helps in recognise the market potentiality, which can be beneficial for the business sustainability. Moreover, when the company has been focusing on the customers needs, it is important to understand the environment more specifically. PEST analysis is thus significant enough in understanding the political, economical, social, and technological market for business operations. The further description is presented below: Political Scenario: The regulations imposed on the Australian banking industry are affecting the financial management in a very specific way. It is noted that the high interest rate is affecting the capital investments. Due to the high inflation rate, the renowned financial banking companies like Commonwealth Bank, National Australia Bank, and Westpac, have been facing the real challenges (Laby 2013). It is noted that the National Australia Bank established the partnerships with other banks in order to increase the revenues. However, the complex regulations faced by the companies are creating the troublesome surrounding more prominently (Florey 2012). Hence, it can be inferred that the political regulations are not so much in favour of the banking strategies. Economic Scenario: The constant improvements in the financial structure are considering the significant impact on the banking industry. Due to the emergence of competition, the funding costs have been declining easily. The banking companies have therefore started accumulating capital over the increasing target (Huang, Zhou and Zhu 2012). Another most effective change has been seen in the Liquidity Coverage Ratio. This particular segment reinforced the banks to manage the probable risks associated with the financial banking process. However, the increasing level of the different risks may sometimes create the hazardous situations for the renowned financial services (Stoeckl et al. 2013). It is required to strengthen the financial pricing system, which increases the competition among the lenders. Social Environment: It is noted that the National Australia Bank has been trying to focus on the customers needs. Therefore, the company is much concerned about the corporate social responsibility (Boulouta and Pitelis 2014). The company has been promoting the personal banking system to make the financial transaction simpler to the customers. The major focus of the business is the stakeholders. Therefore, the company has been implementing the strategies to engage more supports of the target customers. The company believes that involvement of the more customers is important in order to gather idea about the needs and expectations of the community (Florey 2012). In fact, the company can even identify the potential challenges by associating more customers. The advisory council is also associated with the company in order to suggest the justified initiative that the company needs to undertake. The maintenance of sich social responsibility is thus useful for the company. Technological Scenario: National Australian Bank aims to offer the leading customer service experiences to the target customers. Therefore, the company has been concentrating on involving simpler, stable, agile, and secure technologies to ensure effective customer services (Bryson, Daniels and Warf 2013). It is noted that in this current world, customers are much attracted by the sophisticated technologies used in different industries (Jaumotte, Lall and Papageorgiou 2013). In keeping focus on such requirements, the National Australia Bank has also implemented the technological strategy to attract more customers. The instant banking system and the advanced transaction process are much commendable and easier to use. Hence, it can be inferred that the technological development has created the significant impact on the business performance of National Australia Bank. SWOT Analysis The SWOT analysis represents the recognition of the internal strength and the weakness of the company while conducting business in a competitive market. Apart from identifying the strengths and weaknesses, it is also essential to understand the potential threats and the opportunities underlying the external business. The recognition of such segments would be helpful enough in understanding the potentiality of the company of strengthening the business position in the competitive market. The analysis of such segments is presented further. Strengths: The strengthened brand image and the effective financial services are effective enough to attract the customers interests. The company has captured the leading position in the financial industry. The product and service diversifications are the major strengths of the company to ensure the business success (com.au 2016). The company ensures the proper revenue and fruitful interest income. In comparing the asset amount, National Australia Bank has captured the leading position. Weaknesses: The absence of the global acclaim is the major weakness for the company. The continuous declines of the revenues have been affecting the growth and development in a very significant manner. Opportunities: The diversification portfolio will be beneficial for attracting more customers towards the financial service offered by the company. The business expansion in the other countries will help in conducting the business globally. The joint ventures and acquisition will be preferable to increase the revenues. The company will be able to avail the chance of working with the larger asset management sector. Threats: The direct competition with the other financial services can be considered as the potential threat for the company. The repeated changing of the government regulations and the emergence of the financial crisis like recession can be harmful for the company. The recognition of such analysis has been indicating that the company is trying to cope with the current scenario of the financial business. However, it has been previously mentioned that the company had faced numerous criticisms due to the fall of revenues. Hence, in such cases, the company needs to keep the focus on the proper strategic decision making process in order to ensure the growth of the revenues in this current competitive market. Moreover, the identification of the strengths is signifying that the company is capable of conducting business in a competitive scenario. However, it is important to structure the organisational procedure to eliminate the underlying risks and ensure the business profitability. Depending on such recognition, the further recommendations are provided to ensure the business growth in the future. Recommendation The obtained idea from the above analysis has been indicating that the company needs several improvements in the business functionalities. The first and foremost recommendation is to structure the resource allocation procedure in a cohesive way. The company has the commendable strengths, which ate much powerful for ensuring the strengthened business position in a competitive market. NAB needs to utilise the resources properly. Therefore, the management training and development process is necessary. The efficient employees performance can bring the specific changes in the business functionalities. Moreover, if the company can structure the idea of the resource allocating by taking the advices from the experts, it would be beneficial for the future business implications. Another weakness was found in the declines of the revenues. In order to avoid the continuous fall of the revenues, the company needs to undertake the proper strategy. It has been seen that merger and acquisition with the foreign financial services can ensure the benefits by investing a good number of capital. When the responsibilities will be divided, the management will also collaborate. In such cases, the resource allocation process will be easier. In fact, there will be less chance to face the loss. Hence, it is important to implement the proper business strategies in order to ensure the establishment of the business in a competitive market. Implementation of such recommendations will be beneficial for the company in ensuring the future benefits. Conclusion The study has been providing the idea of the strategic implementation of National Australia Bank, which has captured the leading position in the financial market. The company has been mainly focusing on offering the better customer service experiences to the financial investors. Therefore, the company has been undertaking the proper strategies to strengthen their position in the competitive market. However, it has been recognised that NAB had to face huge criticisms due to the repeated fall of the revenues. The separation from Westpac Bank was also quite an insignificant step undertaken by the company. Hence, it is important to understand the proper strategic implementation that can be beneficial to the company for the future prospects. In order to consider such strategy, the environmental analysis is necessary. The internal and the external environmental analysis is considering the potential challenges that the company might face in order to conduct the business globally. It is note d that the company has the strengthened brand position and customer supports to grow further. Therefore, it is necessary to pay the attention on the proper resource allocating process and the internal business functionalities. In addition to this, if the company can establish the business partnerships with the other financial services, the risks of facing loss will be minimised. Hence, following the recommendations will be beneficial for the company to establish their strengthened business entity in a competitive market. References Boulouta, I. and Pitelis, C.N., 2014. Who needs CSR? The impact of corporate social responsibility on national competitiveness.Journal of Business Ethics,119(3), pp.349-364. Bryson, J., Daniels, P. and Warf, B., 2013.Service worlds: People, organisations, technologies. Routledge. Cummins, D. and Santomero, A. eds., 2012.Changes in the life insurance industry: Efficiency, technology and risk management(Vol. 11). Springer Science Business Media. Florey, K.J., 2012. State Law, US Power, Foreign Disputes: Understanding the Extraterritorial Effect of State Law in the Wake of Morrison v. National Australia Bank.Boston University Law Review,92(2). Florey, K.J., 2012. State Law, US Power, Foreign Disputes: Understanding the Extraterritorial Effect of State Law in the Wake of Morrison v. National Australia Bank.Boston University Law Review,92(2). Goodhart, C.A., 2013. Global macroeconomic and financial supervision: Where next?. InGlobalization in an Age of Crisis: Multilateral Economic Cooperation in the Twenty-First Century(pp. 343-363). University of Chicago Press. Huang, X., Zhou, H. and Zhu, H., 2012. Assessing the systemic risk of a heterogeneous portfolio of banks during the recent financial crisis.Journal of Financial Stability,8(3), pp.193-205. Jaumotte, F., Lall, S. and Papageorgiou, C., 2013. Rising income inequality: technology, or trade and financial globalization?.IMF Economic Review,61(2), pp.271-309. Klettner, A., Clarke, T. and Boersma, M., 2014. The governance of corporate sustainability: Empirical insights into the development, leadership and implementation of responsible business strategy.Journal of Business Ethics,122(1), pp.145-165. Laby, A.B., 2013. Revolution in the regulation of financial advice: the US, the UK and Australia: international issues in the regulation of financial advice: regulation of global financial firms after Morrison v. National Australia bank.St. John's L. Rev.,87, pp.561-1193. Lember, V., Kattel, R. and Kalvet, T., 2014. Public procurement, innovation and policy.International Perspectives. Nab.com.au, 2016. [online] Available at: https://www.nab.com.au/content/dam/nabrwd/legacy/business/calculators-and-tools/business-tools/documents/swotanalysistemplate.pdf [Accessed 3 Sep. 2016]. Nab.com.tr, 2016. Nab Holding - Vision and Mission. [online] Nab.com.tr. Available at: https://www.nab.com.tr/en/VisionandMission.aspx [Accessed 2 Sep. 2016]. Stoeckl, N., Jackson, S., Pantus, F., Finn, M., Kennard, M.J. and Pusey, B.J., 2013. An integrated assessment of financial, hydrological, ecological and social impacts of developmenton Indigenous and non-Indigenous people in northern Australia.Biological Conservation,159, pp.214-221. Voanews.com, 2016. National Australia Bank Comes Under Heavy Criticism. [online] VOA. Available at: https://www.voanews.com/a/a-13-a-2004-03-29-4-national-67492022/282207.html [Accessed 2 Sep. 2016].

Tuesday, December 3, 2019

Literature Review Essay Example

Literature Review Essay This review covers reading as a subject generally and also in L 2 environment. It further considers the various models of reading propounded by researchers and authors.   It also takes a look at differences between a reading strategy and a reading skill. It then outlines and classifies the various learning strategies in use. Specifically, it reviews strategies for reading, pre-reading, while reading and post-reading. It also delves into the strategies good readers use to get by. It further reviews available literature on strategic reading and teaching of reading strategies. The last segment of the review is devoted to difficulties encountered in teaching reading strategies.1.0 Reading:Reading as a subject has been defined in several ways by different people and organizations. WorldNet (2007) has defined reading in seven distinct ways. Two of the definitions relevant to our subject matter are given below:-a.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Reading is the â€Å" cognitive process of underst anding a written linguistic message†b.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Reading is a â€Å" mental representation of the meaning or significance of something†According to the Encyclopaedia, an adult reader can read and understand between 200 -1000 words per minute. Catherine Walter (2003), on the other hand, has given 300 words per minute as the optimal rate for processing prose. She added that for fluent adult readers, this rate is constant, regardless of whether the text was difficult or not.   Generally for young readers, the ability of one to read often depends on the rate of fixation of one’s eye on the words being read and also the difficulty of the material being. Reading is a core subject given greater emphasis in most schools throughout the world.2.0     Models of Reading:Two kinds (models) of processing are distinguishable in reading. These are the bottom-up processes and the Top-down processes. The former involves those that take in stimuli from the outside w orld in the form of letters and words for reading. Adherents of this theory (bottom up processing) focus on how readers extract information from the printed page. Whereas the latter, the uptake of information is guided by an individual’s prior knowledge and expectations. Proponents of this theory posits that readers form hypothesis about which words they would encounter and take in only enough visual information to test their hypothesis.   Acceptance or rejection of a given text is based primarily on what their formed hypothesis is all about. If the formed hypothesis is consistent with what has been read the material is readily accepted. On the other hand, if the read material is not in congruent, the material may be rejected. In practice, she added that, both processes (bottom-up and top-down) are tapped into to facilitate accurate and rapid processing of information.3.0     Reading in second language (L2):Studies undertaken by Schoonen, Hulstijn and Bosser (1998) on D utch learners of the English language revealed that as proficiency grew, meta-cognitive knowledge contributed to a greater extent to reading comprehension skill acquisition. They further added that knowledge of textual characteristics and reading strategies played greater role in supporting the comprehension gained from reading. Sheory Mokhtari (2001) called their tool the â€Å"Survey of Reading Strategies† (SORS). In one of their studies, they assessed the differences in reading strategies between native speakers (US) and non-native speakers of English. The study revealed that ESL students reported a higher usage of strategies to get by than their US counterparts. Also, the ESL students reported using a greater number of supportive reading strategies. As an entire group, however, the study showed no significant gender differences. On the other hand, the female ESL students admitted using the strategy of underlining information in the text more their male colleagues (ESL stu dents). Interestingly, students who gave themselves higher scores for reading ability also reported using a higher frequency of reading strategies than those readers who gave themselves a lower rating.Catherine Walter (2003) has pointed out that less skilled L2 readers do not necessarily have fewer strategies than skilled readers, but that they are less able to choose the most appropriate strategy for the problem at hand. On the basis of this knowledge, this author counselled teachers to help learners become aware of the strategies they use sometimes unknowingly when reading as well as other strategies available to them and how these strategies can be used selectively. From this account, we can learn that the problem with L2 readers are not so much about the lack of knowledge of reading strategies   but more importantly the ability to apply the most appropriate reading strategy for a given problem.   According to Catherine Walter (2003) several studies involving L2 students have confirmed that those of them who engaged in extensive reading over a period of time showed significantly more improvement in L2 writing skills than the control groups, who did not practice extensive reading of any kind. She attributed this effect to the unconscious acquisition of the rhetorical conventions of L2 written genres.4.0     Reading Strategy   versus   Skill:Reading strategy is the plan the reader adopts to accomplish a given reading goal. Reading skills, on the other hand, is the reading ability acquired that enables the reader achieves a given reading goal. There are four strategies of reading a material effectively. First, they change their reading speed depending on the difficulty of the material. Secondly, they show a greater tendency to re-read the material, especially when the reading material is considered â€Å"hard†. Thirdly, good readers set for themselves a definite purpose for reading a given material. Fourthly, they ask themselves questions as they read the material. These strategies enable them to look for definite answers from the given text. Furthermore, it also increases their concentration and ability to draw meaning from the material read. They endeavour to visualize what the author is seeking to convey to them from the reading material.What separates good or successful readers from the poor ones often lies in the ability of the former to solve problems that relate to (a) difficult words (b) distractions (c) disagreements with the author (d) nervousness (e) lack of prior knowledge of the subject matter being read and (f) lack of definite purpose.With regards to difficult words, good readers try to re-read the previous sentence before them or try to substitute them to gain comprehension. Another means they employ to overcome difficult vocabulary is to write it down and find its meaning, as writing itself is a good way for recalling information read.The internet has become part and parcel of the daily lives of many p ersons including L2 readers. Recognizing the increasing importance this information and communication medium plays in the lives of L2 readers, Anderson (2003) carried out a study to find out (a) The online reading strategies employed by second language readers. (b) Whether online reading strategies of English as a second language readers (ESL) differ from English as a foreign language reader (EFL). He found the under listed as the top twelve reading strategies most widely used. Of these strategies, eight (67 percent) were problem-solving ones, whilst the other four (33 percent) were global reading strategies.(a)   I try to get back on track when I lose concentration (problem-solving strategy).(b) When on-line text becomes difficult, I pay closer attention to what I am reading (problem-solving strategy).(c) I read slowly and carefully to make sure I understand what I am reading online (problem-solving strategy)(d) When I read online, I guess the meaning of unknown words or phrases (problem-solving strategy)(e) I try to guess what the content of the online text is about when I read (Global strategy(f) I think about what I know to help me understand what I read online (Global strategy(g) I can distinguish between fact and opinion in online texts (Problem-solving strategy(h) I try to picture or visualize information to help me remember what I read online (Problem-solving strategy)(I) When reading online, I decide what to read closely and what to ignore (Global strategy)(j) I adjust my reading online (Problem-solving strategy)(k) I scan the online text to get a basic idea of whether it will serve my purposes before choosing to read it (Global strategy).This research worker also found that the only significant difference between EFL and ESL readers were in the use of problem-solving strategies. The former group reported a higher use of problem-solving strategies than their counterparts. The predominant reason assigned to these findings was that the differences bet ween ERL and ESL learning environments were diminishing with the advent of the internet, the increased use of Radio, television and other information and communication technologies.5.0 Classification of learning strategies:Cohen (1996) has drawn attention to the fact that the differences in criteria of classification often cause inconsistencies and mismatches across existing taxonomies and other categorizations. According to Cohen (1996) some strategies are behavioural and can be directly observed, whereas others are mental and behavioural but which are not observable. There are other learning strategies that are purely mental. He also added that another approach by which learning strategies can be classified is to label them as belonging to ‘successful’ or ‘unsuccessful’ learners. Strategies are also distinguishable from one another according to whether they are cognitive, meta-cognitive, affective or social.6.0 Strategic Reading:Strategic reading simply m eans purposeful reading. This is the reading in which the reader adjusts his reading to a specific purpose he has in mind. He uses a variety of strategies and skills to pawn out meaning from what he is being read. According to Eduplace (2007) a strategy is a plan selected deliberately by the reader to accomplish a specific goal or complete a given task. When narrowed to the subject of reading, it means having a deliberate plan to accomplish a specific reading goal. When a reader or student is capable in selecting the use of strategy unconsciously, he achieves expertise in using that strategy (Eduplace, 2007). Apart from strategies, Eduplace (2007) affirms that expert readers use a number of comprehension and study skills to grasp meaning from the material being read. Research has shown that readers develop reading skills and strategies 7.0 Teaching reading Strategy:Reading strategies can be taught and learnt. When reading strategies are well grasped by the student or reader, they ar e able to draw meaning from what they read quickly. Reading in this wise become profitable. What sets good readers apart from poor ones are the strategies they adopt before, during and after reading. Whereas poor readers start reading without giving forethought to the reading process and topic, good readers make a deliberate effort to build their own prior knowledge about the topic. Zimmermann and Hutchins (2003) have identified seven strategies used by good readers to unlock meaning from a given text. These are: (a) They create mental images and also become emotionally involved with what they read (b) They use their relevant prior knowledge before, during and after reading to enhance their understanding of what they have read (c) They ask relevant questions to clarify meaning and also pay particular attention to what is important (d)They identify key ideas or themes as they read (f) They also synthesis information (g) They use fix-up strategies such as re-reading, skipping ahead, a sking questions, using a dictionary. These authors further pointed out that good readers use the same strategies whether they reading ‘soft’ material such as a magazine or a ‘hard’ text such as textbook. The goal of all reading instruction therefore is to help the student overcome reading difficulties and ultimately become expert readers. By becoming expert readers, it enables the student achieve independence and use the literacy for life-long learning. Taberski (2000) has described the strategies for teaching reading in primary schools. He presented a material organized around a series of interconnected interactions with the learner as assessment, demonstration, practice and response. He outlined the role of the teacher in this approach, how to set up the classroom environment, how to assess reading and also showed how effective strategies and skills could be demonstrated.8.0   Difficulties in   teaching reading strategies:Many researchers and authors have acknowledged the difficulties in teaching reading strategies (Anderson, 1999; Beers, 2003). Bereiter and Bird (1985) reported that analysis of protocols from adults thinking aloud while reading identified four potentially teachable strategies. This study involved eighty students in grades seven and eight. They found that neither strategy modelling and practice alone, nor question and answer comprehension activities were effective. They confirmed that even in the successful group, instruction was effective with only three of the strategies. Recounting her own trials and tribulations when helping seventh grade students to learn to read, Beers (2003) considered the difficulties involved in teaching reading strategies to students or pupils. She pointed out that even with high-quality reading instruction in the early grades, it is necessary for middle and high school teachers to help students refine, practice and in some cases, develop the skills of readers.According to Anderson (19 99) developing a personal philosophy of teaching can be difficult to many a teacher, if not totally elusive. He offered help with a philosophy built around the word ACTIVE, which serves as the organizing mnemonic. ACTIVE consists of the first letters of six of the eight elements of this approach as: A – Activate prior knowledge C – Cultivate vocabulary T – Teach for comprehension I – Increase reading rate V – Verify reading strategies E – Evaluate progress.The last two elements are: Consider the role of motivation and select the appropriate materials. Clearly, teachers that adopt this procedure can overcome some of the difficulties encountered in teaching reading strategies.Difficulties in teaching reading strategies can be traced to two sources, namely from the teachers’ end in impacting the knowledge in a manner that is easily understandable to the student and also from the student’s end in grasping the knowledge being impact ed. Clay (1985) has outlined ways and means by which reading difficulties of such students or pupils can be detected early and helped. She counselled that through systematic observation of reading behaviours and reading recovery procedures, such children could be helped with their reading problems. Hatcher, Hulme and Ellis (1994) reported of a study involving children experiencing difficulties in the early stages. They divided these seven year old poor readers into four groups and assigned them to one of three experimental teaching conditions such as (a) Reading with phonology (b) Reading alone (c) Phonology alone and (d) A control. They found that although the phonology alone group showed most improvement on phonological tasks, the reading with phonology group made most progress in reading. They concluded from the findings that interventions to boost phonological skills should be integrated with the teaching of reading if they are to be maximally effective in improving literacy ski lls. Literature Review Essay Example Literature Review Essay According to Krauth, (1996), punishment usually involves the deliberate incision of ache, misery or the removal of rights and/or freedom. Basically, these actions are definitely wrong. However, our society/community are using these methods particularly in law-breaking issues to maintain peace and order. The community gives punishment to avoid crimes and violence. The people are encouraged to be vigilant and to disclose any information pertinent to the occurrence of violent offenses (Krauth, 1996). Krauth, (1996) cited that a number of communities in some parts of the world have attempted to develop community-based crime prevention strategies as supplemental action for the government’s efforts in giving punishment. Basically, punishment of offenders in society is a wide context, thus to narrow the context this review will cover only the role and effect of punishment in shaping the behavior of an individual; i.e. parenting and learning strategies which summarizes the studies con ducted by Ballantine, J. (2001), Moeller (2001), and Hill (1990).On the other hand, in the report of Hyman and Zelikoff (1987), the issues regarding the worst result of punishment to an individual i.e. trauma is also reviewed. In follow up to this, Bartol (1995) identifies the possible bad result of punishment i.e. aggression. The report concerning the theories of behavior in accordance to learning behavior were further discussed in the paper of Slavin (1995), Kounin (1970), Skinner (1974), Thorndike (1912) and Pavlov, (1927).     During our childhood days, our parent usually imposed punishment to us if we got mistakes. Actually, this punishment affects our development as a child.   It could have either positive or negative effects. And of the negative effects of it is aggression (Bartol 1995). With this regard, this review of literature also seeks to realize why people permit the legitimation of this type of infiltration.   Thus, it evaluates the reason behind why disciplin e relies on punishment and negative consequences to improve child’s behavior.   Punishment also affects the education and learning behavior of a child, thus we will also cover issues of punishment in school setting.ReviewIn the study conducted by Ballantine, J. (2001; p.46), he argued that parents usually give punishment to their children just to discipline them. However, parents should be cautious in giving punishment. This might cause physical, emotional and mental problems or this may also results to rebellious behavior or worst a trauma. Research has long proven that the parenting styles adopted by parents often have a great impact on the development of the child (e.g. Ballantine, J. 2001; p.46).Ballantine, J. (2001; p.46) stated that there are three basic parenting styles i.e. authoritative, authoritarian and permissive styles. Basically, Ballantine, J. (2001) stated that authoritarian parents tend to control their offspring. Also, they are very demanding and have high expectations for their children. But also, they tend to be less responsive to their children’s needs. They rely very heavily on punishment. Authoritative parents, on the other hand, though also very demanding, gain the favor of their children by being highly responsive as well. They have clear definitions on the limitations and freedom of their children. They are also very supportive and give out punishment but explain the reasons for the action. Permissive parents are the opposite of authoritarian parents. They require les of their children but still is very responsive to them, they are often very lenient and don’t, if possible give out punishments. The uninvolved parents are also opposite of authoritative parents. As the name suggests, they are really uninvolved with their children. Often, they are very apathetic to the happenings in their children’s lives. They put a very high risk on their children since they do not put a defined line on what they expect of their children.Parenting styles differ and have profound effects in child development. According to Ballantine, J. (2001; p. 46), parenting styles that involve punishment trigger aggression in children, and then the aggression in children continue on to their own children, thus, resulting in an endless and vicious cycle.But just what is aggression? According to Bartol (1995; p.184), aggression is a â€Å"behavior perpetrated or attempted with the intention of harming another individual physically or psychologically (as opposed to socially) or to destroy an object† (p. 184). According to Moeller (2001), agreement to Bartol (1995; p. 2), defines aggression as an act to that has intent to harm another object or person.Aggression as effect of punishments can either be physical or psychological (Bartol 1995; p. 2 and Moeller, 2001). Many factors point to a child’s aggression, one of which is parenting styles adopted by parents. Actually, if the child is constantly exposed to excessive punishments, it is most likely that the child would be inclining to aggressive behavior. Punishment is actually a form of aggression that can very well make the child inclined to aggression himself. If the child is repeatedly treated aggressively or punished excessively by his parents would most likely resort to aggression later on.As shown in the study of Hill (1990; pp. 70-77), punishment is also observed in schools or in any learning situation. Hill (1990; pp. 70-77) claimed that reliance on such measures i.e. punishment have negative effects on the learners. In all styles of teaching and classroom management, there are proper ways of carrying out the strategies so that the ends to these styles may be met (Hill 1990; pp. 70-77). In the case of assertion as added by Meyer, A. (1990), there are positive and negative methods of reinforcing these strategies. As students’ behavior vary, the teachers’ delicate role is to determine which would work best for th e particular students. Basically, Meyer, A. (1990) stated that learners will react differently to situations, and if every positive method does not work out with them, then negative reinforcement is called for. This is not to become unfair to the students. This is just to show them that there are regulations to be observed and authorities to be respected, as that virtue will better prepare them for life outside the confines of the school. There is no perfect way of teaching and classroom management. There are only receptive teachers who are attuned to individual students’ needs, thus a successful implementation of the assertive style of teaching and classroom management (Meyer, A. 1990).In the report of Hill (1990; pp. 70-77) on an incident in preschool in which punishment was used to help children learn to obey rules. One of the punishment procedures was to write the name of the offending child on the board the first time non-compliance with rules occurred. The goal is impre ssive in that it make the most of learning time, but there were some unintentional depressing side effects. In this case, a child told to his parents the list of names of bad kids in the class, and the child also described how they were being reprimanded. The child also told to her parents that these kids had their names written on the board. In relation to this, the child asked his parents if being with the kids would make him become one of them.   From the child’s story, the mother decided to visit the school where she found a group of 5 and 6 year olds trying not to speak or move. As the parent observed, the teacher was diligently using rewards and punishment to mould the behavior of children. But every time a child giggled or laugh extremely or spoke without permission, another name went on the board. As the result, most of boys who came from families of lower socioeconomic background are found on that board (Hill 1990; pp. 70-77).From the results of the study of Hill ( 1990; pp. 70-77), it appears evident that what the child had absorbed from their punishment experiences, either vicariously or literally, was to spotlight on the manners that the teacher found unpleasant. The children tend to avoid such behavior at all costs, even if it is annoying just to impress the teacher instead of attending to the learning activities.As part of the giving punishment in shaping the behavior of the child, classroom management as stated by (Slavin, 2005; p. 1) in his paper should be observed. One characteristic of effective classroom management introduced by Slavin is that it involves a clear, specific plan of classroom rules and procedures that would guide performance (Slavin, 2005; p. 1).   There was also a reward and punishment system observed.   According to the teachers in the report of (Slavin, 2005; p. 1), every student was treated without bias but recognition was given to the most deserving and punishment was also implemented to address misbehavior. P raise or exemptions from some projects were the usual rewards given to performing students. The usual punishments were extra assignment, reprimand, or in worst case, detention.   The purpose of the reward and punishment system was to delineate the acceptable behavior from the unacceptable. Praise i.e. â€Å"catching the students in the act of doing right†, can be a powerful motivator for many students. One strategy for reducing misbehavior in class is to make sure to praise students for behaviors that are incompatible with the misbehavior you want to reduce (Slavin , 2005; p.1).In relation to this, Kounin (1970; p. 10) justified that the transfer of pupil attention to the child being punished is a usual phenomenon, and almost always results in less attention, rather than more, being paid to the desired learning outcomes. Every so often, the teachers intent to help a child alter a behavior to one which is more acceptable to both the youngster and his superiors has tragic seq uelae. Educators using disciplinary procedures perceived by the child as stringent and unfeeling can cause trauma. According to Hyman and Zelikoff (1987; pp. 1-2), the symptoms of this trauma are often similar to those observed in adults with Post Traumatic Stress Disorders. Symptoms seen in children include somatic complaints, avoidance of school, and sleep disturbances.As Skinner (1974; p. 18) emphasized a behavior which is followed a positive reinforcing motivation or circumstance will result in an increased tendency or probability that the person will repeat such behavior, this concept also operates in the opposite direction wherein the person will have a decreased tendency to do an act from which he or she received a negative reinforcement in the form of punishment.According to Thorndike (1912; p. 164-165), the main business of thought surely is to guide and control action. To make it intelligent, adaptive, efficient, Thorndike’s Law of Effect proposed an alternative mea ns of achieving the same end. Effects, rewards and punishments, were seen as stamping actions â€Å"in† or â€Å"out† and selectively, intelligently, adaptively determining behavior (Pavlov, 1927; p. 25). The effects of a given action thus altered redirected, controlled subsequent conduct and left no place or need for thought or intellect. While Pavlov’s formulations, though different principle from those of Thorndike but similar in goal. Pavlov was likewise interested, not just in a theory of learning but also in the organism’s total behavior, in what was later referring as the principles of adaptive action. Both trial and error learning and conditioning imply adaptation to the environment but this end was achieved in both cases mechanically, non-mentalistically without thought (Pavlov, 1927; p. 25).As part of development in shaping the behavior of an individual Thorndike 1912 reported that the two-factor learning theory in its version accepted Thorndale ’s theory of habit formation, essentially unmodified and in doing so, necessarily aligned itself with the thoughtless psychologies or behavior-zoologies (Thorndike 1912; p. 164-165). In admitting fear conditioning and in developing a feedback conception of punishment, the theory disposed itself toward what has become explicit. Now response facilitation as no less a matter of conditioning and meaning change than is response inhibition. And what is more immediately important, this new position, while in some ways just as mechanical and automatic as were the views of Thorndike and Pavlov. The prototype of knowledge in general are hopes and fears, both are internal events and such are assumed to be learned and after learning, to occur in a purely automatic, involuntary manner, these are mechanism and determinism. There is no simple and direct relationship between what an organism learns and what it does. Action is the result of more or less intricate and elaborate processes inter vening between the end result of more or less intricate and elaborate processes â€Å"intervening between the end results of learning and the execution of behavior† (Thorndike 1912; p. 164-165).As described in the previous discussions, motivation and reward offers more positive effect in learning than punishment. Punishment normally directs the action to do desired behavior which results to aggression, weak learning and trauma. The incident of trauma from punishment initiated by educators is much greater than one would think. According to the study of Hyman and Zelikoff (1987; p. 11), 40 to 60 percent of college graduates remember an event of extremely retaliatory disciplinary action given by educators. In Unites States over 1,000,000 students were beaten by their teachers in 1980 (Meyer 1990; 30-47).As revealed in the study of Hyman and Zelikoff (1987), an individual that was previously abuse, beaten and punish are prone to become aggressors and criminals. Thus, the communit y should identify the significant risk factors of aggression and punishment provided by the community itself, the families that comprise the community, schools and academic institutions in the area, and individual backgrounds of the people. Moreover, the family also provides certain risk factors of aggression and punishment contributory to the development of violent attitudes and behaviors among children such as lack of oversight of children’s activities and habits, unfair and severe punishment for any misdemeanors and mistakes, conflicts between parents and children and between siblings, and parental toleration of violent behaviors.Review SynthesisFrom the given reviews concerning punishments, it is justified that parents, should very well know how to raise their children. Psychologists and researchers often recommend the use of authoritative parenting since it is well-rounded in all parenting aspects but they should be cautious in giving punishments. Since authoritative par ents have high expectations of their children, one can expect that a child will be pushed to do the best, and that authoritative parents also reciprocate love and warmth, the child can have feelings of security. Another is that a child can also have the freedom to express his own thoughts and beliefs. The relationship between parenting styles and punishment resulting to aggression is very clear. Authoritative and Permissive parents’ children often resort to aggression since the upbringing of the parents is, faulty, if you may. The resort to aggression can also be triggered by relatively high and constant exposure to aggression by family, peers and the media. Also, the cross-generational aggression can also trigger aggression. It creates an unending cycle of aggression.On the other hand, punishment given to a child in school setting should be observed by the educators to avoid weak learning effectiveness. Positive learning environment or classroom management involves the strat egies that teachers implement in preventing and handling misbehavior, using class time effectively, creating an atmosphere that encourages interest and inquiry, and permitting activities that engage students’ minds and imaginations (Slavin, 2005). Teacher should carefully observe the effect of punishments to students.   Actually, it is suggested that teacher should use rewards strategy more often than giving punishment. Teachers and students have to work together to sustain positive behaviors and effective atmosphere for learning in order to ensure the successful transmission of knowledge in the classroom.

Wednesday, November 27, 2019

Weapons in WWI essays

Weapons in WWI essays New weaponry and interventions can ultimately decide who will win a war. In World War I there were many new weapons introduced into the battle scene. These new weapons were more efficient in destroying and more powerful which made the death count rise dramatically. The new weaponry in World War I helped contribute to it being one of the bloodiest wars know to man at that time. One key weapon that played a part in eventually bringing the United states into the war was the submarine, also called U-boats. This submarine was able to moved underwater and attack ships without being spotted. A major problem with these ships that it broke international law. For the reason that when the Germans would attack a neutral ship they would not warn the ship like they were supposed to. If the Germans had warned there enemies they would easily be destroyed because the ships were so fragile and slow moving. The U-boat was used as a tool to force embargo. The other countries did not want to risk traveling the high seas with the submarines out there ready to strike, so trade was put to a stop in certain areas. While the U-boat enforced embargo was proving to be an effective weapon, it also seemed that it would bring America into the war against Germany (Bowes 595). Some weapons had even been around awhile, but were not used effectively in large-scale combat. For example, the machine gun, in the form of the Gatling Gun or Maxim Gun, was actually invented during the American Civil War, but did not see widespread use until World War I. Chemical weapons were used on a massive scale in World War I. Mustard gas and chlorine gas were two of the more frequently used weapons. Chlorine is an asphyxiating gas that causes acute bronchitis with gradual suffocation and, "those who initially survived a considerable dose generally died from pneumonia." The effects were so horrible that they have been mostly controlled since then. Mustard gas produces ...

Saturday, November 23, 2019

Best Educational Websites for Students

Best Educational Websites for Students Technology has had a tremendous positive impact on modern education. The growth of the Internet has made information more accessible than ever, improving the learning process of people all over the world. The ease of publishing new information has also contributed to the popularity it has over traditional tools for education. Why student websites when there are textbooks? More and more websites dedicated to students appear, each having the following advantages in common. First of all, they are more visually appealing and engaging than textbooks. And when it comes to practical aspects, websites can have references that directly send you to the source of information. They can have you jump from research article to research article, offering the student multiple paths that will deepen their knowledge, while still being intuitive. When youre online, understanding what is unclear to you can often be fixed after just a little research. The practical advantages are obvious: educational websites are accessible almost anywhere, they do not take up room, they are cheaper (some of them free) and provide a more efficient way of learning. Its good to mention that universities may still require you to use textbooks as it stands. But these top sites for students still offer massive value. Here are a few of our favorites: 1.Khan Academy Khan Academy offers a huge library of videos on topics such as math, science, programming, history, art and more. The best part of it: it is free and the tutorials offered are very high quality. The learning experience is also fun and interactive, allowing you to test your knowledge when you feel prepared. It offers the possibility of monitoring your progress. 2. Coursera An extremely interesting proposition that consists of free online courses from top universities in the world. Areas covered are pretty large, ranging from math to business, computer science, biology, art, history, social sciences and more. Same as our previous choice, this website offers interactivity during your learning process, letting you take part in quizzes and viewing other peoples work. 3. KnowledgeNet This is one of the most useful websites dedicated to those interested in the IT field. Its specialized content is excellent, and it also offers very good practical ways of testing your knowledge. There are exams that are very similar to Microsoft or Cisco, providing you with solid practice. 4. Udacity Udacity is an educational website offering high-quality courses for all levels of knowledge. The website is focused on technology (programming, data analysis, good software practices and more). Many courses are not free, but all that we found was high quality. 5. Codeacademy One of the most known educational websites for those looking to learn computer programming. It has a variety of popular languages (HTML CSS, PHP, Python, Ruby, JavaScript and others). Being available both for free or with a paid subscription that unlocks more content, the website offers the interactivity needed to make progress faster and more engaging. 6. edX This is a platform that offers free online courses from some of the best universities in the world. Subjects covered are diverse, ranging from math to biology, English, programming and many more. One of the best educational sites for students. For each course, there is also the possibility of receiving certification at the end (for a sum). 7. MIT Open Courseware As the name would tell you, this website offers most of the MIT course curriculum for free. Having text, audio and video possibilities, the courses are fantastic, considering that they are provided by some of the best teachers in the world. 8. MIT Video Similar to what we mentioned above, only in video form. The website offers a huge library of lectures on math, chemistry, physics, biology and more. 9. Stanford Online Free courses on physics, chemistry, engineering, software, writing, language, economics and more, all offered by the prestigious Stanford University 10. Canvas Network Most of the courses are free and provided by numerous universities. Subjects are diverse, and courses can be in video or text form. These are just a few of the best websites for college students. The online world is full of information that can make a real difference to peoples academic lives. Read our blog for more tips and information.

Thursday, November 21, 2019

Costs Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Costs - Essay Example As mentioned in the definition, the organization can increase its factors of production to achieve higher production levels and the state of technology is the only constraint. So it means that all inputs are variable. Hence, in the long run when the inputs are increased, the output may: To inputs the average total cost of producing that output will fall. The firm's costs will rise less than the output of goods. This is called as the economies of scale as represented in the following diagram: The long run curve represented above includes short run periods as the firm expands. The LRATC curve is a track of all the SRATC curves as the firm grows. Initially, the short run average costs are at the lowest in SRAC1. As the firm expands, its average costs fall to the bottom of the U shaped curve and then begins to climb because of the diminishing returns. The firm then moves its production to the next level and the cost move to the next short run situation shown as SRAC2. In the long run the average cost is represented by the black line tangenting all the short run average cost curves. The whole LRATC is composed of infinite number of single points from SRAC curves. The LRATC curve is the boundary between unit cost levels that are attainable by the firm and unit cost levels that are unattainable. ... When the long run until costs are falling as the outputs increases, the firm is experiencing increasing returns to scale and thus less long run average costs. If the firm is experiencing average returns to scale then the average long run costs are same and if the firm is experiencing diminishing returns to scale then the long run average costs are increasing. Long run marginal cost Marginal cost is defined as the cost associated with producing one extra unit assuming that the extra unit produced will cause increase in production capacity. The long run marginal cost curve resembles the short run marginal cost curve as it is also U shaped. The U shape of the LRMC can be attributed to increasing and decreasing marginal returns. The calculation of cost and revenue of one extra unit is very crucial in the long run as it is essential to make the capacity increase decision. If the last unit produced gives more revenue than the cost to produce that unit, the firm should expand it s capacity. Marginal cost will increase as the firm expands due to the Law of diminishing returns. The firm should keep expanding as long as the MR > MC. "The term LRMC is used to signify the cost effect of a change which involves some alteration in the amount or timing of future investment. SRMC, on the other hand takes capacity as given, so relates only to changes in operating costs." (Turve y,11). The SRMC rises due to the capacity constraints and then fall after there is a significant increase ion the capacity expansion. Hence, in the long run the marginal cost curve is U shaped. The following diagram shows the increase and decreases of the marginal costs before and after expansion. Kinked demand curve In a non collusive